What are fructooligosaccharides (FOS)?
Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) oroligofructoseare indigestible carbohydrates made mainly of fructose [1]. They are soluble fiber.
Nutrition Facts
FOS is not digested in the small intestine, so it passes to the large intestine, where it is broken down (fermented) by beneficial large intestinal bacteria into gases, like hydrogen, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are absorbed and can provide 1.5-2.7 kilocalories per gram [1,2,3].FOS is mainly used as a sweeteners–it is 30-50% as sweet as sucrose–, taste enhancers or as “added fiber” [4].On the Nutrition Facts labels, FOS is included in thetotal carbohydrates under “dietary fiber.”
FOS Structure
FOS is made of fructose molecules with one glucose molecule on the end, altogether of less than 10 simple sugars [1].
Short-Chain FOS or scFOS
Short-chain FOS is defined as unbranched chains made of≤9 fructose molecules [17].
Picture 1. Examples of foods high in fructooligosaccharides
List of Foods Containing FOS
FOS or oligofructoseoccurs naturallyin significant amounts in [6,7]:
- Jerusalem artichokes (up to 6 g/100 g)
- Shallots (up to 5 g/100 g)
- Red onions (up to 2,5 g/100 g)[6,7]
Examples of other foods containing smaller amounts of FOS: asparagus, ripe bananas, brown sugar, chicory roots, dahlia, endive, garlic, leeks, onions, murnong (Australian tuberous plant), yacon (Peruean tuberous plant) [5].
FOS can be added as a sugar substitute to “low-calorie foods,” or as a bulking agent or “added fiber” to nutritional bars and beverages, baby foods, biscuits, cakes, confectionery, milk, hard candies, ice cream, yogurt, jams, jellies, muffins, ready-to-eat cereals, sorbet, pre-prepared soups or other commercial foods [5].
FOS Supplements
FOS can be extracted from chicory roots or produced from inulin (using the enzyme inulase) or sucrose (using the enzymes derived fromAspergillus japonicusyeasts) [5].FOS is available as powder or capsules. It can be found in some prebiotic, probiotic and fiber supplements. Before buying FOS-containing supplements, consider there are plenty of natural foods containing prebiotics and fiber.
Insufficient Evidence About FOS Health Benefits
Irritable bowel syndrome. FOS does not improve symptoms of IBS; it can even worsen them [11].
Constipation. In one study, FOS did not speed up the passage of food through the gut or increased the stool weight [9]. In some other studies FOS increased the frequency of bowel movements, but since FOS may produce quite some gas, it does not seem to be a suitable remedy to prevent constipation.
Crohn’s disease. In one study, FOS decreased activity of Crohn’s disease but more research is warranted [10,16].
Diabetes mellitus. In 2 studies, consumption of FOS in doses 15-20 g/day for 20 days to 4 weeks did not affect glucose and cholesterol levelsin individuals with diabetes type 2 [19,20].
Cholesterol levels.There is insufficient evidence about the effect of FOS on blood LDL cholesterol or triglyceride levels [9,12].
Calcium and magnesium levels.In some, but not all, studies FOS increased absorption of calcium and magnesium [5,21,22,23,24], but it is not clear if this has any beneficial effect for humans.
Weight loss.In one small study, overweight individuals, after consuming oligofructose in the dose 21 g/day for 12 weeks, had increased feeling of satiety and lost 0.4-1 kg of body weight in average[16].
FOS in infant formula.According toThe European Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, there is no evidence that adding FOS to infant formula would have any benefits for infants [15].
FOS Is a Prebiotic
FOS is aprebiotic– it promotes the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria(BifidobacteriaandLactobacilli) in the large intestine [5,9,25]. The actual benefit of prebiotics for humans is not yet well known, though.
Safety: Risks, Dangers
FOS is considered anovel food– food that does not have a long-term history of safe use [14]. Acceptable Intake Level for FOS for individuals older than one year is 20 g/day, and for infants 4,2 g/day [5]. Within the mentioned intake levels, FOS is Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) [5]. FOS does not significantly increase blood sugar and insulin levels [5].
FOS can promotedental cariesto about the same extent as sucrose [13].
During Pregnancy
Do not take FOS supplements during pregnancy or breastfeeding because not enough research has been made to prove their safety during these periods [18].
FOS Side Effects
FOS, when consumed in amounts exceeding 20 g/day by healthy people, may cause abdominalbloating, pain or cramps, excessive gas (flatulence),loose stools or diarrhea[5].
FOS Intolerance
FOS is fermentable by intestinal bacteria, so it belong to FODMAPs (Fermentable, Oligo-, Di- and Monosaccharides and Polyols), which can, even in small amounts, trigger excessive gas and diarrhea in sensitive individuals, mainly in those with fructose malabsorption and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
FOS and Cooking
FOS is commercially available as FOS syrup or powder[5]. Properties:
- 30-50% as sweet as sucrose [4]
- More soluble in water than sucrose; it does not crystallize [8-p.386]
- Can undergo the Maillard browning reaction during cooking [8-p.386]
Frequently Asked Questions
1. Is FOS vegan?
Artificially produced FOS is made from inulin by the help of yeasts, so they are not vegan.
2. Does FOS contain gluten?
FOS can be derived from wheat but should be gluten-free.
3. Why is FOS added to probiotic supplements?
FOS promotes the growth of probiotic bacteria.
4. Is FOS fructan?
Yes, FOS belong to fructans, which are oligo- or polysaccharides that contain at least 3 simple sugars, from which the main one is fructose.
Related Articles
- Inulin
- Dietary fiber
- Oligosaccharides
- FODMAPs
- Ninnes KR, 1999, Inulinand Oligofructose: What Are They? The Journal of Nutrition
- Elia M et al, 2007, Energyvalues of macronutrients and specific carbohydrates in foods European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Roberfroid MB, 1999,CaloricValue of Inulin and OligofructoseThe Journal of Nutrition
- Oligofructose Medicine Newbie
- Generally Recognized As Safe Notification for short chain fructooligosaccharide US Food and Drug Administration
- Molis C, 1996, Digestion, excretion, and energy value of fructoligosacharides in healthy humans The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Investigation of Thai Plantsas Potential Sources of Fructan and Inulin Main Fractions Asian Institute of Technology
- Mitchell H, 2006,Sweetenersand Sugar Alternatives in Food Technology
- Bouhnik Y et al, 2007, Four-week short chain fructo-oligosaccharides ingestion leads to increasing fecal bifidobacteria and cholesterol excretion in healthy elderly volunteersNutrition Journal
- Lindsay JO et al, 2006, Clinical, microbiological, and immunological effects of fructo‐oligosaccharide in patients with Crohn’s diseasePubMed Central
- Olesen M et al, 2000, Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of fructooligosaccharides in the treatment of irritable bowel syndromeThe American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Giacco R eta al, 2004,Effectsof short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides on glucose and lipid metabolism in mild hypercholesterolaemic individuals PubMed
- Moynihan P et al, 2004,Diet, nutrition and the prevention of dental diseases World Health Organization
- Novel Sweeteners The Sugar Association
- 2004, Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies on a request from the Commission relating to the safety and suitability for particular nutritional use by infants of fructooligosaccharides in infant formulae and follow-on formulae European Food Safety Authority
- Parnell JA et al, 2009, Weightloss during oligofructose supplementation is associated with decreased ghrelin and increased peptide YY in overweight and obese adultsThe American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Application A1055 – Short Chain Fructo-oligosaccharides – Call for Submissions Foodsafety.govt.nz
- Fructo-oligosaccharides WEbMD
- Luo J et al, 2000, ChronicConsumption of Short-Chain Fructooligosaccharides Does Not Affect Basal Hepatic Glucose Production or Insulin Resistance in Type 2 DiabeticsThe Journal of Nutrition
- Alles MS et al, 1999, Consumptionof fructooligosaccharides does not favorably affect blood glucose and serum lipid concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetesThe American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Martin BR et al, 2010,Fructo-oligosaccharides and calcium absorption and retention in adolescent girls PubMed
- Tahiri M et al, 2003, Effect of short-chain fructooligosaccharides on intestinal calcium absorption and calcium status in postmenopausal women: a stable-isotope study The Clinical Journal of Nutrition
- López-Huertas E et al, 2006, Absorption of calcium from milks enriched with fructo-oligosaccharides, caseinophosphopeptides, tricalcium phosphate, and milk solidsThe American Journal of Nutrition
- van den Heuvel EG et al, 2009,Short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides improve magnesium absorption in adolescent girls with a low calcium intake PubMed
- Roberfroid, M., 2007, Prebiotics: the concept revisited The Journal of Nutrition